Korean — Full Course (한국어)
Hangul was designed so that a smart person can learn it in an hour. This course takes you letter-by-letter, through full grammar, and into 200+ real sentences — every syllable voiced.
🌍 Overview & Course Roadmap
- Family: Koreanic — a language isolate (the one living member).
- Speakers: ~81M (South Korea, North Korea, Yanbian, diaspora).
- Script: Hangul (한글) — a featural alphabet, voted by linguists as the most scientific writing system.
- How to use this course: read Lesson 1 and sound out Hangul aloud; redo the flashcard deck until instant; then hit the grammar and each topic's sentences with the 🔊 button; finish each section with its quiz.
📖 Lesson 1 — Hangul: the consonants (자음)
Hangul's brilliance: each consonant's shape draws the mouth making it. ㅁ (m) = closed lips, ㅇ (ng) = open throat. Fourteen basic consonants:
| Letter | Name | Sound | Example |
|---|
| ㄱ | giyeok | g/k (like "go") | 가 |
| ㄴ | nieun | n | 나 |
| ㄷ | digeut | d/t (like "do") | 다 |
| ㄹ | rieul | l/r — a flapped sound | 라 |
| ㅁ | mieum | m | 마 |
| ㅂ | bieup | b/p (like "bo") | 바 |
| ㅅ | siot | s — but "sh" before 이 | 사 |
| ㅇ | ieung | silent at block-start, "ng" at block-end | 아 |
| ㅈ | jieut | j (like "joe") | 자 |
| ㅊ | chieut | ch (aspirated, a burst of air) | 차 |
| ㅋ | kieuk | k (strong, aspirated) | 카 |
| ㅌ | tieut | t (strong, aspirated) | 타 |
| ㅍ | pieup | p (strong, aspirated) | 파 |
| ㅎ | hieut | h | 하 |
Double (tense) consonants — squeeze not blast
| Letter | Sound | vs. plain | Example |
|---|
| ㄲ | kk (tense, no air) | kkak kkak | 까 |
| ㄸ | tt | tight t | 따 |
| ㅃ | pp | tight p | 빠 |
| ㅆ | ss | hissed s | 싸 |
| ㅉ | jj | tight j | 짜 |
💡 The aspiration difference is the trap: ㅋ vs ㄱ is air, not pitch. Hold a hand in front of your mouth — ㅋ should blast it, ㄱ shouldn't.
🔤 Lesson 2 — Hangul: the vowels (모음)
| Letter | Sound | As in… | Example |
|---|
| ㅏ | a | father | 아 |
| ㅑ | ya | yard | 야 |
| ㅓ | eo | "uh" — mouth relaxed | 어 |
| ㅕ | yeo | yuh | 여 |
| ㅗ | o | letter "o", lips rounded | 오 |
| ㅛ | yo | your | 요 |
| ㅜ | u | soon, lips tight | 우 |
| ㅠ | yu | you | 유 |
| ㅡ | eu | "uh" with flat lips, like a grunt | 으 |
| ㅣ | i | machine | 이 |
Eight compound (diphthong) vowels
| Letter | Sound | Example | Letter | Sound | Example |
|---|
| ㅐ | ae | 개 (dog) | ㅘ | wa | 와 (and) |
| ㅔ | e | 게 (crab) | ㅙ | wae | 왜 (why) |
| ㅒ | yae | 얘 (this kid) | ㅚ | oe | 외 (outside) |
| ㅖ | ye | 예 (yes) | ㅝ | wo | 워 (어+우) |
| ㅟ | wi | 위 (above) | ㅢ | ui | 의 (of) |
| ㅞ | we | 웨 (wae) | ㅘ | — | — |
Building syllable blocks
Consonants and vowels stack into blocks: consonant top-left, vowel right or under. ㅎ + ㅏ + ㄴ → 한 (han). Blocks, then words: 한 + 국 + 어 → 한국어 (Korean language, hangugeo).
| Block | Letters | Block | Letters |
|---|
| 한 | ㅎ+ㅏ+ㄴ | 국 | ㄱ+ㅜ+ㄱ |
| 어 | ㅇ+ㅓ | 사 | ㅅ+ㅏ |
| 람 | ㄹ+ㅏ+ㅁ | 음 | ㅇ+ㅡ+ㅁ |
💡 Pronunciation quirk: when ㄹ alone starts a syllable block it's an "r"-flap; when it ends a block it's an "l". 런던 (London) ends with ㄴ not ㄹ — Romanized "Leondeon".
🔉 Lesson 3 — Sound rules that change words
- Batchim blockers: a syllable ending in a consonant blocks the next syllable's lenition; ㅅ after a final ㅎ etc. Pronounce ㄱㄷㅂㅅㅈ at the end of a block as "k t p t t".
- Liaison (연음): a final consonant borrows the next syllable's vowel: 있어요 (isseoyo, "there is") is heard as 이써요 i-sseo-yo.
- Aspiration after ㅎ: ㄱ+ㅎ → ㅋ, ㅂ+ㅎ → ㅍ: 좋아요 → 조아요 joayo (good, the ㅎ vanishes).
- No Korean word starts with ㄹ (r) in native words, and ㅇ is silent at block start — the two letters are invisible partners.
- Tensing: after a final ㅂ, ㄱ, ㄷ, the next plain consonant turns tense (ㄱ→ㄲ).
- Pitch is fixed: Korean has no lexical tones, but ㅏㅗ (bright) vs ㅓㅜㅡ (dark) vowels shape native "sound symbolism" — 밝다 (bright) pairs with 어둡다 (dark) by vowel switch.
🧩 Grammar Reference — the SOV skeleton
저는 한국어를 공부해요 — I (topic) Korean (object) study. Subject first, verb last, everything else tagged with a particle.
The core particles
| Particle | Job | Example |
|---|
| 는/은 | topic marker (the "as for…" of the sentence) | 저는 학생이에요 (I am a student) |
| 가/이 | subject marker (new info, emphasis) | 물이 맛있어요 (the water is tasty) |
| 를/을 | object marker | 밥을 먹어요 (I eat rice) |
| 에 | to / at (place or time), "at" will come | 학교에 가요 (I go to school) |
| 에서 | from / in (action location) | 집에서 쉬어요 (I rest at home) |
| 의 | possessive "of" | 우리 엄마 (our mom) |
| 하고/랑 | "and" / "with" | 친구하고 커피를 마셔요 (I drink coffee with a friend) |
| 도 | also / too | 저도요! (me too!) |
Politeness — the verb ending ladder
| Level | Ending | Who uses it | Example |
|---|
| formal polite | -습니다/-니까 | news, announcements, strangers | 갑니다 (I go) |
| polite casual | -아요/-어요 | most everyday conversation | 가요 (I go) |
| blunt | -아/-어 | close friends, lyrics | 가 (go) |
| formal plain | -다 | books, diaries, news headlines | 간다 (goes) |
Verbs: present → past → future
- Present: 가다 → 가요 (I go / am going — one form covers both).
- Past: 가요 → 갔어요 (went). Rule: add 았/었, then 요.
- Future: 갈 거예요 (will go) — "go-ing thing-is".
- Negative: 안 가요 (don't go) / 못 가요 (can't go); polite formal: 가지 않아요.
- Honorific: speakers add -시- to verbs about someone respected: 드세요 (please eat, for a senior).
There is / isn't — a different verb
Native "exist" is 있다 (isseuda): 사과가 있어요 (there are apples). To have something: 았/있 again as the possessive: 시간이 없어요 (I don't have time).
Counters and the two number systems
Native Korean numbers (1–99) count things: 한 명 (one person), 두 개 (two items), 세 병 (three bottles). Sino-Korean numbers count money, dates, phone numbers: 일 (1), 이 (2), 삼 (3), 사 (4), 오 (5), 육 (6), 칠 (7), 팔 (8), 구 (9), 십 (10). 10 items = 열 개, 20 items = 스무 개.
Joining clauses
And: -고 (가고 = "go and"); but: -지만 (가지만); because: -서 (가서 = "go, so"); if: -면; while: -(으)면서. Korean chains verbs like LEGOs — a sentence may have five connected verbs before one final ending.
💡 Verb endings are the whole grammar. Memorize the polite -아요/-어요 set as your default and you can survive any conversation.
💬 Topic 1 — Greetings & Politeness
| Korean | Romanized | English |
|---|
| 안녕하세요 | annyeonghaseyo | Hello |
| 안녕히 계세요 | annyeonghi gyeseyo | Goodbye (stay well — to someone leaving) |
| 안녕히 가세요 | annyeonghi gaseyo | Goodbye (go well — to someone staying) |
| 잘 있어요 | jal isseoyo | Bye (casual, stay well) |
| 감사합니다 | gamsahamnida | Thank you (formal) |
| 고마워요 | gomawoyo | Thanks (polite casual) |
| 천만에요 | cheonmaneyo | You're welcome |
| 죄송합니다 | joesonghamnida | I'm sorry (formal) |
| 미안해요 | mianhaeyo | Sorry (polite casual) |
| 실례합니다 | sillyehamnida | Excuse me (formal) |
| 잠시만요 | jamsimanyo | One moment / wait a sec |
| 네 | ne | Yes |
| 아니요 | aniyo | No |
| 괜찮아요 | gwaenchanayo | It's okay / no problem |
| 수고하세요 | sugohaseyo | Good work (said as someone leaves work) |
| 즐거운 하루 보내세요 | jeulgeoun haru bonaeseyo | Have a nice day |
👤 Topic 2 — Introductions & Self
| Korean | Romanized | English |
|---|
| 저는 마리예요 | jeoneun Mariyeyo | I'm Marie |
| 이름이 뭐예요? | ireumi mwoyeyo? | What's your name? |
| 처음 뵙겠습니다 | cheoeum boepgesseumnida | Nice to meet you (formal) |
| 만나서 반가워요 | mannaseo bangawoyo | Nice to meet you (casual) |
| 저는 인도 사람이에요 | jeoneun Indo saramiyeyo | I'm from India |
| 저는 학생이에요 | jeoneun haksaengiyeyo | I'm a student |
| 저는 일해요 | jeoneun ilhaeyo | I work |
| 몇 살이에요? | myeot sariyeyo? | How old are you? |
| 저는 스물다섯 살이에요 | jeoneun seumuldaseot sariyeyo | I'm twenty-five |
| 어디에서 왔어요? | eodieseo wasseoyo? | Where are you from? |
| 저는 미국에서 왔어요 | jeoneun Migugeseo wasseoyo | I come from America |
| 한국말을 공부해요 | hangungmareul gongbuhaeyo | I'm studying Korean |
| 한국어를 할 수 있어요? | hangugeoreul hal su isseoyo? | Can you speak Korean? |
| 조금 할 수 있어요 | jogeum hal su isseoyo | I can speak a little |
| 잘 못 해요 | jal mot haeyo | I can't do it well |
| 지금 배우고 있어요 | jigeum baeugo isseoyo | I'm learning right now |
🔢 Topic 3 — Numbers & Counting
| Korean | Romanized | English |
|---|
| 하나 | hana | One (native) |
| 둘 | dul | Two (native) |
| 셋 | set | Three (native) |
| 넷 | net | Four (native) |
| 다섯 | daseot | Five (native) |
| 여섯 | yeoseot | Six (native) |
| 일곱 | ilgop | Seven (native) |
| 여덟 | yeodeol | Eight (native) |
| 아홉 | ahop | Nine (native) |
| 열 | yeol | Ten (native) |
| 사과 두 개 주세요 | sagwa du gae juseyo | Two apples, please |
| 사람이 세 명 있어요 | sarami se myeong isseoyo | There are three people |
| 물 한 병 주세요 | mul han byeong juseyo | One bottle of water, please |
| 얼마예요? | eolmayeyo? | How much is it? |
| 천 원이에요 | cheon woniyeyo | It's 1000 won |
| 만 원이에요 | man woniyeyo | It's 10,000 won |
🕐 Topic 4 — Time & Date
| Korean | Romanized | English |
|---|
| 지금 몇 시예요? | jigeum myeot siyeyo? | What time is it now? |
| 두 시예요 | du siyeyo | It's two o'clock |
| 오후 세 시예요 | ohu se siyeyo | It's three in the afternoon |
| 오늘은 무슨 요일이에요? | oneureun museun yoiliyeyo? | What day is today? |
| 오늘은 월요일이에요 | oneureun woryoiliyeyo | Today is Monday |
| 몇 월이에요? | myeot woriyeyo? | What month is it? |
| 오늘은 몇 월 며칠이에요? | oneureun myeot wol myeochiriyeyo? | What's today's date? |
| 아침 일곱 시에 일어나요 | achim ilgop sie ireonayo | I wake up at 7 in the morning |
| 저녁 여덟 시에 먹어요 | jeonyeok yeodeol sie meogeoyo | I eat at 8 in the evening |
| 내일 뭐 할 거예요? | naeil mwo hal geoyeyo? | What will you do tomorrow? |
| 어제는 바빴어요 | eojeneun bappasseoyo | Yesterday I was busy |
| 지난주에 방문했어요 | jinanjue bangmunhaesseoyo | I visited last week |
| 다음 주에 만나요 | daeum jue mannayo | Let's meet next week |
| 시간이 없어요 | sigani eopseoyo | I don't have time |
| 시간이 있어요 | sigani isseoyo | I have time |
| 나중에 다시 봐요 | najunge dasi bwayo | See you later |
🌅 Topic 5 — Daily Routine
| Korean | Romanized | English |
|---|
| 매일 일찍 일어나요 | maeil iljjik ireonayo | I wake up early every day |
| 세수를 해요 | sesureul haeyo | I wash my face |
| 이를 닦아요 | ireul dakkayo | I brush my teeth |
| 아침을 먹어요 | achimeul meogeoyo | I eat breakfast |
| 커피를 마셔요 | keopireul masyeoyo | I drink coffee |
| 버스를 타요 | beoseureul tayo | I take the bus |
| 지하철로 출근해요 | jihacheollo chulgeunhaeyo | I commute by subway |
| 학교에 가요 | hakgyoe gayo | I go to school |
| 집에 돌아와요 | jibe dorawayo | I come back home |
| 저녁을 먹어요 | jeonyeogeul meogeoyo | I eat dinner |
| 텔레비전을 봐요 | tellebijeoneul bwayo | I watch TV |
| 책을 읽어요 | chaegeul ilgeoyo | I read a book |
| 음악을 들어요 | eumageul deureoyo | I listen to music |
| 운동을 해요 | undong-eul haeyo | I exercise |
| 샤워를 해요 | syawo-reul haeyo | I shower |
| 열 시에 자요 | yeol sie jayo | I sleep at ten |
🍜 Topic 6 — Food & Drink
| Korean | Romanized | English |
|---|
| 밥 먹었어요? | bap meogeosseoyo? | Have you eaten? (standard greeting) |
| 네, 먹었어요 | ne, meogeosseoyo | Yes, I ate |
| 뭐 먹고 싶어요? | mwo meokgo sipeoyo? | What do you want to eat? |
| 김치를 좋아해요 | gimchireul joahaeyo | I like kimchi |
| 비빔밥 하나 주세요 | bibimbap hana juseyo | One bibimbap, please |
| 불고기는 맛있어요 | bulgogineun masisseoyo | Bulgogi is delicious |
| 매워요? | maewoyo? | Is it spicy? |
| 너무 매워요 | neomu maewoyo | It's too spicy |
| 물 좀 주세요 | mul jom juseyo | Some water, please |
| 맥주 두 병 주세요 | maekju du byeong juseyo | Two beers, please |
| 차를 마실래요 | chareul masillae-yo | I'll have some tea |
| 소주 한 잔 할까요? | soju han jan halkkayo? | Shall we have a shot of soju? |
| 더 주세요 | deo juseyo | More, please |
| 계산할게요 | gyesanhalgeyo | I'll pay the bill |
| 제가 살게요 | jega salgeyo | It's on me / my treat |
| 맛있게 먹었습니다 | masitge meogeosseumnida | That was delicious (after meal) |
🗺️ Topic 7 — Directions & Places
| Korean | Romanized | English |
|---|
| 여기가 어디예요? | yeogiga eodiyeyo? | Where is this place? |
| 화장실이 어디예요? | hwajangsiri eodiyeyo? | Where is the restroom? |
| 역이 어디예요? | yeogi eodiyeyo? | Where is the station? |
| 왼쪽으로 가세요 | oenjjokeuro gaseyo | Go to the left |
| 오른쪽으로 가세요 | oreunjjokeuro gaseyo | Go to the right |
| 곧장 가세요 | gotjang gaseyo | Go straight |
| 여기에서 가까워요? | yeogieseo gakkawoyo? | Is it near here? |
| 멀어요? | meoreoyo? | Is it far? |
| 지하철로 갈 수 있어요 | jihacheollo gal su isseoyo | You can go by subway |
| 택시를 타세요 | taeksireul taseyo | Take a taxi |
| 한 정거장이에요 | han jeonggeojang-iyeyo | It's one stop away |
| 공항에 가고 싶어요 | gonghange gago sipeoyo | I want to go to the airport |
| 호텔이 어디에 있어요? | hoteri eodie isseoyo? | Where is the hotel? |
| 편의점이 근처에 있어요 | pyeonuijeomi geuncheoe isseoyo | There is a convenience store nearby |
| 길을 잃었어요 | gireul ireosseoyo | I'm lost |
| 여기 봐 주세요 | yeogi bwa juseyo | Look at this, please |
🛍️ Topic 8 — Shopping & Money
| Korean | Romanized | English |
|---|
| 이거 얼마예요? | igeo eolmayeyo? | How much is this? |
| 너무 비싸요 | neomu bissayo | It's too expensive |
| 좀 깎아 주세요 | jom kkakka juseyo | Please give a discount |
| 이거 주세요 | igeo juseyo | I'll take this |
| 저것이 뭐예요? | jeogeosi mwoyeyo? | What is that? |
| 다른 색 있어요? | dareun saek isseoyo? | Do you have a different color? |
| 더 큰 사이즈 있어요? | deo keun saijeu isseoyo? | Do you have a bigger size? |
| 한 번 입어 봐도 돼요? | han beon ibeo bwado dwaeyo? | Can I try it on? |
| 카드 되세요? | kadeu doeseyo? | Can I pay by card? |
| 현금으로 낼게요 | hyeongeumeuro naelgeyo | I'll pay in cash |
| 영수증 주세요 | yeongsujeung juseyo | Receipt, please |
| 옥션에서 샀어요 | oksyeoneseo sasseoyo | I bought it online |
| 선물이에요 | seonmuri-iyeyo | It's a gift |
| 비싸지만 좋아요 | bissajiman joayo | It's pricey but good |
| 싸요! | ssayo! | It's cheap! |
| 잘 샀어요 | jal sasseoyo | Good purchase |
🚑 Topic 9 — Emergencies & Health
| Korean | Romanized | English |
|---|
| 도와주세요! | dowajuseyo! | Help me! |
| 경찰을 불러 주세요 | gyeongchareul bulleo juseyo | Call the police |
| 119에 전화해 주세요 | il-il-gue jeonhwae juseyo | Call 119 (emergency) |
| 아파요 | apayo | I'm in pain / it hurts |
| 머리가 아파요 | meoriga apayo | I have a headache |
| 약국이 어디예요? | yakgugi eodiyeyo? | Where is the pharmacy? |
| 병원에 가야 해요 | byeongwone gaya haeyo | I need to go to the hospital |
| 의사를 불러 주세요 | uisareul bulleo juseyo | Please call a doctor |
| 안전해요? | anjeonhaeyo? | Is it safe? |
| 괜찮아요? | gwaenchanayo? | Are you okay? |
| 저 아파요 | jeo apayo | I am sick |
| 열이 나요 | yeori nayo | I have a fever |
| 어지러워요 | eojireowoyo | I'm dizzy |
| 알레르기가 있어요 | allereugiga isseoyo | I have allergies |
| 물을 많이 마셔요 | mureul mani masyeoyo | Drink lots of water |
| 병원에 데려가 주세요 | byeongwone deryeoga juseyo | Take me to the hospital |
🌦️ Topic 10 — Weather & Seasons
| Korean | Romanized | English |
|---|
| 날씨가 좋아요 | nalssiga joayo | The weather is nice |
| 날씨가 안 좋아요 | nalssiga an joayo | The weather is bad |
| 비가 와요 | biga wayo | It's raining |
| 눈이 와요 | nuni wayo | It's snowing |
| 바람이 불어요 | barami bureoyo | The wind is blowing |
| 춥다 | chupda | It's cold |
| 더워요 | deowoyo | It's hot |
| 따뜻해요 | ttatteuthaeyo | It's warm |
| 시원해요 | siwonhaeyo | It's cool and refreshing |
| 여름에 덥습니다 | yeoreume deopseumnida | It's hot in summer |
| 겨울에 눈이 많이 와요 | gyeo-ure nuni mani wayo | It snows a lot in winter |
| 봄에 꽃이 피어요 | bome kkochi pieoyo | Flowers bloom in spring |
| 가을은 시원해요 | ga-eureun siwonhaeyo | Autumn is cool |
| 우산이 필요해요 | usani piryohaeyo | I need an umbrella |
| 밖에 나가지 마세요 | bakke nagaji maseyo | Don't go outside |
| 황사가 왔어요 | hwangsaga wasseoyo | Yellow dust has arrived |
👨👩👧 Topic 11 — Family & People
| Korean | Romanized | English |
|---|
| 가족이 몇 명이에요? | gajogi myeon myeong-iyeyo? | How many people in your family? |
| 아버지 | abeoji | Father (formal) |
| 어머니 | eomeoni | Mother (formal) |
| 아빠 | appa | Dad (casual) |
| 엄마 | eomma | Mom (casual) |
| 형 | hyeong | Older brother (male speaker) |
| 누나 | nuna | Older sister (male speaker) |
| 언니 | eonni | Older sister (female speaker) |
| 오빠 | oppa | Older brother (female speaker) |
| 동생이 있어요 | dongsaengi isseoyo | I have a younger sibling |
| 우리 아버지는 선생님이세요 | uri abeojineun seonsaengnimiseyo | My father is a teacher |
| 친구하고 같이 갔어요 | chinguhago gachi gasseoyo | I went together with a friend |
| 남자 친구예요 | namja chinguyeyo | He's my boyfriend |
| 여자 친구예요 | yeoja chinguyeyo | She's my girlfriend |
| 아들이 하나 있어요 | adeuri hana isseoyo | I have one son |
| 할머니가 보고 싶어요 | halmeoniga bogo sipeoyo | I miss my grandmother |
💭 Topic 12 — Feelings & Opinions
| Korean | Romanized | English |
|---|
| 기뻐요 | gippeoyo | I'm happy |
| 슬퍼요 | seulpeoyo | I'm sad |
| 화가 나요 | hwaga nayo | I'm angry |
| 무서워요 | museowoyo | I'm scared |
| 피곤해요 | pigonhaeyo | I'm tired |
| 심심해요 | simsimhaeyo | I'm bored |
| 행복해요 | haengbokhaeyo | I'm happy / blessed |
| 그렇게 생각해요 | geureoke saenggakhaeyo | I think so |
| 동의해요 | dong-uihaeyo | I agree |
| 그거 좋은 생각이에요 | geugeo joeun saenggagi-iyeyo | That's a good idea |
| 괜찮다고 생각해요 | gwaenchantago saenggakhaeyo | I think it's fine |
| 정말 좋아요 | jeongmal joayo | It's really good |
| 싫어요 | sir-eoyo | I don't like it |
| 그래요? | geuraeyo? | Really? / Is that so? |
| 맞아요 | majayo | That's right |
| 걱정하지 마세요 | geokjeonghaji maseyo | Don't worry |
🗂 Flashcards — drill until instant
📝 Quizzes — check yourself
Quiz 1 · Hangul reading
Quiz 2 · Numbers
Quiz 3 · Particles & order
Quiz 4 · Survival phrases
🎯 Most Frequent Words Trainer
Roughly 1,000 headwords get you fluent in everyday Korean. This trainer starts you on the top-frequency core (~250 words) — tap 🔊 to hear, mark mastered, then run Quick recall until 100%.
👂 Listen & Type Drill
Hear the sentence, type what you heard. This trains your ear to the rhythm of Korean syllables.
🧠 Cultural Notes & Next Steps
- Wait a second — 나/너 vs 저/당신: "you" (너/당신) is rare; Koreans call people by name + title, or just drop the subject (저, "I") entirely.
- Speak politely first, relax later: strangers start at -요. A friend asking you to switch to 반말 (blunt form) is a mark of closeness.
- Age is not a secret: politeness level depends on relative age; the second question after "nice to meet you" is usually age/grade.
- Konglish is everywhere: 컴퓨터 (keompyuteo, computer), 피자 (pija), 셀카 (selfie, "selka"). Every loanword you already know is free vocabulary.
- Two measures of gratitude: 감사합니다 is the safe one; 고맙습니다 is warmer. Never say "no" with just 아니요 to elders — soften with 아니에요/괜찮아요.
- Next steps: redo the flashcards daily · shadow (repeat aloud) every sentence in Topics 1–4 until you beat the speaker · then come back and write your own sentences with the grammar table.
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