Japanese (日本語)

Three scripts in one sentence, no spaces, verbs at the end, and politeness baked into every verb ending. Start with the 46 kana, add kanji daily, and the whole language opens up.

Languages Hub → Japanese

🌍 Overview & the Three Scripts

🔤 Hiragana chart (46 basic kana)

Each kana is a whole syllable (consonant + vowel). Master reading them — this is the fastest possible start:

v\ckstnhmyrw
a
iゐ*
u
eゑ*
o

Plus ん (n) and the diacritics: ゛(voicing: か→が ga, た→だ da) and ゜(は→ぱ pa). Katakana uses the same grid with different shapes: ア イ ウ エ オ … ン.

💡 Reading hint: し = shi (not "si"), ち = chi, つ = tsu, ふ = fu. These four are the kana where the romanisation keeps the true sound.

🗣 Sound & Pitch Accent

🧩 Grammar Essentials

SOV + particles

Watashi wa sushi o tabemasu — "I (topic) sushi (object) eat (polite)." Particles do the grammar work:

ParticleJobExample
は (wa)topic私は watashi wa
が (ga)subject / emphasisねこが neko ga
を (o)objectみずを mizu o
に / へ (ni/e)to / atがっこうへ gakkō e
の (no)possessiveわたしの watashi no
で (de)by means ofバスで basu de

Politeness: plain vs. polite

Verbs switch ending: taberu (plain) → tabemasu (polite, -ます). Learn polite forms for strangers; plain forms for friends, anime, and reading.

Counter words

Counting requires a counter noun for the thing counted: 3 apples = ringo san-ko (generic -ko), 3 people = san-nin (-nin), 3 thin sheets = san-mai, 3 books = san-satsu. Yes, you must memorize them.

No articles, minimal plurals

Neko = cat/the cat/cats. Context does the work.

💬 Essential Phrases

EnglishJapaneseSay it
Helloこんにちはkon-nichi-wa
Good morningおはようございますo-ha-yō go-zai-masu
Thank youありがとうございますa-ri-ga-tō go-zai-masu
Sorry / excuse meすみませんsu-mi-ma-sen
Yes / Noはい / いいえhai / ī-e
It's okay / no problem大丈夫ですdai-jō-bu desu
Nice to meet youはじめましてha-ji-me-ma-shi-te
Please (give me)お願いしますo-ne-gai-shi-masu
I don't understandわかりませんwa-ka-ri-ma-sen
Delicious!おいしい!o-i-shī
Where is the toilet?トイレはどこですかto-i-re wa do-ko desu ka
Goodbyeさようなら / またねsa-yō-na-ra / ma-ta-ne

🔢 Numbers

#KanjiReading#KanjiReading
1ichi6roku
2ni7nana / shichi
3san8hachi
4shi / yon9kyū
5go10

11 = jū-ichi (ten-one), 20 = ni-jū, 100 = hyaku, 1000 = sen, 10,000 = man (the big unit in Japanese counting — 100,000 is "ten man").

🧠 Quick Facts & Cultural Notes

🎯 Most Frequent Words Trainer

Roughly 1,000 headwords gets you fluent in everyday Japanese. This trainer starts you on the top-frequency core — tap 🔊 to hear, mark mastered, then run Quick recall until 100%.

👂 Listen & Type Drill

Hear the phrase, type it in kana/kanji. This trains your ear to Japanese pitch and rhythm.

✍️ Katakana chart (カタカナ)

The second syllable set — used for foreign words (loanwords), onomatopoeia, and emphasis. Same grid as hiragana, harder corners:

v\ckstnhmyrw
a
i
u
e
o

Plus ン (n) and the long-vowel mark ー (コーヒー = kōhī, coffee). Katakana is where loanwords live: スーパー (sūpā, supermarket), パン (pan, bread), メニュー (menyū, menu).

🀄 Kanji essentials — radicals & readings

Kanji are built from radicals (部首) — recurring pieces with meaning. Learn the pieces, and thousands of characters stop being random:

KanjiMeaningRadical piecesCommon readings
sun / daya square with a line (the sun)hi / ka (kun) · nichi (on)
moon / montha crescent with two linestsuki (kun) · getsu (on)
fireflames above (亻→ 人 reformed)hi (kun) · ka (on)
waterflowing streammizu (kun) · sui (on)
mountainthree peaksyama (kun) · san (on)
riverwinding riverkawa (kun) · sen (on)
persontwo legshito (kun) · jin (on)
tree / wooda tree with brancheski (kun) · moku (on)
rest人(person) 亻 + 木(tree) — a person leaning on a treeyasumu (kun)
name夕(evening) + 口(mouth) — speaking at duskna (kun) · mei (on)
to eat / foodperson over rice-piletaberu (kun) · shoku (on)
to see目(eye) on top of 儿(legs)miru (kun) · ken (on)
💡 Each kanji has a Japanese reading (kun) and a Chinese reading (on). 山 is yama alone but san in Mt. Fuji (富士山 = Fujisan). Most learnable characters are 見 (see) + 聞 (hear) + 話 (speak) families built from a few dozen radicals.

📚 Grammar Reference — the full skeleton

1 · Word order: everything ends in a verb

私は毎朝駅まで歩きます — "I every-morning to-the-station walk." Topic first, time where it pleases, verb last. The verb is the whole engine of the sentence.

2 · The core particles

ParticleJobExample
topic ("as for…")私は学生です (as for me, I'm a student)
subject / new info雨が降っています (rain is falling)
object (said "o")本を読みます (I read a book)
at / to / in (point)九時に寝ます (I sleep at nine)
toward (direction)大阪へ行きます (I go to Osaka)
by means of / at (action site)電車で行きます (I go by train)
possessive "of"日本の音楽 (Japanese music)
with / and友達と話します (I talk with a friend)

3 · Verbs — three groups, one rule each

GroupDictionary-masu (polite)-te (joining)-nai (negative)-ta (past)
ichidan (ru-verbs)食べる食べます食べて食べない食べた
godan (u-verbs)行く行きます行って行かない行った
irregularする / 来るします / 来ますして / 来てしない / 来ないした / 来た

Patterns: ichidan just drops る and adds the ending; godan shifts the final u-sound across the kana row (行く → 行きます, k→ki). Learn one verb from each group and you unlock the conjugation table.

4 · Politeness levels

LevelEndingWho it's forExample
polite -masu/です行きますstrangers, shops, workyour everyday default
plain行くfriends, family, readingwhat manga & novels use
humble/keigo参りますabout yourself to a superiorお...する / まいる
respectfulいらっしゃるabout the superiorお...になる / られる

5 · Existence: ある vs いる

いる = living things: 犬がいます (there is a dog). ある = objects: 本があります (there is a book). Japanese respects this line strictly.

6 · Joining clauses: the te-form is the glue

朝ご飯を食べて、会社に行きます — "eat-breakfast-(te), go-to-work." Verbs chain with て; reasons with から (creator) or ので (softer); "but" with けど; "if" with -たら/-れば. A long Japanese sentence is really a train of verbs pulling one final carriage.

7 · Adjectives decide their own verb

i-adjectives (quick: 高い) — the adjective itself conjugates: 高かった (was expensive), 高くない (not expensive). na-adjectives (quiet: 静かな) borrow です's job: 静かではありません. Never mix them up.

8 · Counters

一枚 (one flat thing), 一本 (one long thing), 一匹 (one animal), 一人 (one person), 一台 (one machine), 一回 (once). The numbers 1-10 change their reading before many counters: いっぴき (one animal) not "ichi-hiki".

9 · が is the star-turn particle

Use が for the "new information" the listener doesn't know yet, は for the topic everyone knows. 私はコーヒーが好きです — "As for me (は), coffee (が) is liked." Topic + subject both present, each doing its own job.

🚄 Topic Sentences A — Travel & Transport

JapaneseSay itEnglish
駅はどこですかeki wa doko desu kaWhere is the station?
切符はどこで買えますかkippu wa doko de kaemasu kaWhere can I buy a ticket?
東京までお願いしますTōkyō made onegaishimasuTo Tokyo, please
次の電車は何時ですかtsugi no densha wa nanji desu kaWhen is the next train?
新幹線で行きますshinkansen de ikimasuI'll go by Shinkansen
飛行機の方が速いですhikōki no hō ga hayai desuThe plane is faster
空港まで車で行きますkūkō made kuruma de ikimasuI'll drive to the airport
ホテルを予約しましたhoteru o yoyaku shimashitaI booked a hotel
部屋にエアコンがありますかheya ni eakon ga arimasu kaIs there AC in the room?
チェックインは何時からですかchekkuin wa nanji kara desu kaWhat time does check-in start?
荷物はここに置いてくださいnimotsu wa koko ni oite kudasaiPlease leave your luggage here
パスポートを見せてくださいpasupōto o misete kudasaiPlease show me your passport
両替はどこでできますかryōgae wa doko de dekimasu kaWhere can I exchange money?
地下鉄で行きましょうchikatetsu de ikimashōLet's go by subway
東京駅で乗り換えますTōkyō-eki de norikaemasuI'll transfer at Tokyo Station
何番線ですかnan-bansen desu kaWhich platform is it?
電車に間に合いますかdensha ni maniaimasu kaWill I make the train?
タクシーを呼んでくださいtakushī o yonde kudasaiPlease call a taxi
この近くにコンビニがありますかkono chikaku ni konbini ga arimasu kaIs there a convenience store near here?
地図を見せていただけますかchizu o misete itadakemasu kaCould you show me a map?
道に迷いましたmichi ni mayoimashitaI got lost
右に曲がってくださいmigi ni magatte kudasaiPlease turn right
まっすぐ行ってくださいmassugu itte kudasaiPlease go straight
あの建物の後ろですano tatemono no ushiro desuIt's behind that building
何分かかりますかnan-pun kakarimasu kaHow many minutes does it take?
歩いて行けますかaruite ikemasu kaCan I walk there?
バスは何時ごろ来ますかbasu wa nanji goro kimasu kaAround what time does the bus come?
切符をなくしましたkippu o nakushimashitaI lost my ticket
窓側の席がいいですmadogawa no seki ga ii desuI'd like a window seat
終電は何時ですかshūden wa nanji desu kaWhat time is the last train?
ここで降りますkoko de orimasuI'll get off here
出口はどこですかdeguchi wa doko desu kaWhere is the exit?
旅行は楽しかったですryokō wa tanoshikatta desuThe trip was fun

🏠 Topic Sentences B — Home & Daily Life

JapaneseSay itEnglish
今日は疲れましたkyō wa tsukaremashitaI'm tired today
夕飯を作りましたyūhan o tsukurimashitaI made dinner
お風呂に入りますofuro ni hairimasuI'll take a bath
洗濯をしなければなりませんsentaku o shinakereba narimasenI have to do laundry
部屋を掃除しましたheya o sōji shimashitaI cleaned the room
ゴミを出しましたgomi o dashimashitaI took out the trash
ネットを見ていますnetto o mite imasuI'm browsing the web
スマホを探していますsumaho o sagashite imasuI'm looking for my phone
電気を消してくださいdenki o keshite kudasaiPlease turn off the light
窓を開けてくださいmado o akete kudasaiPlease open the window
家にいますかie ni imasu kaAre you home?
しばらく留守にしますshibaraku rusu ni shimasuI'll be out for a while
隣の人がうるさいですtonari no hito ga urusai desuThe neighbor is loud
マンションに住んでいますmanshon ni sunde imasuI live in an apartment
鍵を忘れましたkagi o wasuremashitaI forgot my key
また明日ねmata ashita neSee you tomorrow
早起きしましたhayaoki shimashitaI woke up early
寝坊しましたnebō shimashitaI overslept
朝ご飯を食べて会社に行きますasagohan o tabete kaisha ni ikimasuI eat breakfast, then go to work
コーヒーを飲んでから出かけますkōhī o nonde kara dekakemasuI go out after coffee
日曜日は休みですnichiyōbi wa yasumi desuSunday is a day off
家でゆっくりしますie de yukkuri shimasuI'll relax at home
テレビを見ませんterebi o mimasenI don't watch TV
音楽を聞きながら料理しますongaku o kikinagara ryōri shimasuI cook while listening to music
洗濯物を取り込んでくださいsentakumono o torikonde kudasaiPlease bring in the laundry
食器を洗いますshokki o araimasuI'll wash the dishes
エアコンをつけてくださいeakon o tsukete kudasaiPlease turn on the AC
暑くて眠れませんatsukute nemuremasenIt's too hot to sleep
布団を敷きましたfuton o shikimashitaI laid out the futon
おやすみなさいoyasumi nasaiGood night
いい夢を見てねii yume o mite neSweet dreams

💼 Topic Sentences C — Work & Study

JapaneseSay itEnglish
何時から働きますかnan-ji kara hatarakimasu kaWhat time do you start work?
朝九時に出社しますasa kuji ni shussha shimasuI arrive at the office at 9am
会議がありますkaigi ga arimasuI have a meeting
資料を作りましたshiryō o tsukurimashitaI made the documents
メールを送ってくださいmēru o okutte kudasaiPlease send an email
電話をかけますdenwa o kakemasuI'll make a phone call
上司に相談しますjōshi ni sōdan shimasuI'll consult my boss
残業しましたzangyō shimashitaI worked overtime
休みを取りますyasumi o torimasuI'll take a day off
有給休暇がありますかyūkyū kyūka ga arimasu kaDo you have paid leave?
忙しいですが充実していますisogashii desu ga jūjitsu shite imasuIt's busy but fulfilling
大学で経済を専攻しましたdaigaku de keizai o senkō shimashitaI majored in economics at university
試験のために勉強していますshiken no tame ni benkyō shite imasuI'm studying for the exam
宿題はもう終わりましたshukudai wa mō owarimashitaI already finished my homework
先生に質問しますsensei ni shitsumon shimasuI'll ask the teacher
ノートを取ってくださいnōto o totte kudasaiPlease take notes
辞書を引きますjisho o hikimasuI'll look it up in the dictionary
漢字を覚えるのは難しいですkanji o oboeru no wa muzukashii desuMemorizing kanji is hard
毎日単語を復習しますmainichi tango o fukushū shimasuI review vocabulary daily
リスニングが苦手ですrisuningu ga nigate desuI'm not good at listening
すらすら話せるようになりたいですsurasura hanaseru yō ni naritai desuI want to become fluent
ニュースを読みますnyūsu o yomimasuI read the news
文章を書きますbunshō o kakimasuI write essays
発表がありますhappyō ga arimasuI have a presentation
面接を受けますmensetsu o ukemasuI'll have an interview
仕事を探していますshigoto o sagashite imasuI'm looking for a job
給料は高いですかkyūryō wa takai desu kaIs the salary high?
新しいプロジェクトが始まりましたatarashii purojekuto ga hajimarimashitaA new project started
もう一度説明してくださいmō ichido setsumei shite kudasaiPlease explain again
手伝ってくれますかtetsudatte kuremasu kaCan you help me?
最後まで頑張りますsaigo made ganbarimasuI'll do my best to the end

💭 Topic Sentences D — Social & Feelings

JapaneseSay itEnglish
お誕生日おめでとうございますotanjōbi omedetō gozaimasuHappy birthday
おめでとうございますomedetō gozaimasuCongratulations
幸せですshiawase desuI'm happy
心配していますshinpai shite imasuI'm worried
気分がいいですkibun ga ii desuI'm in a good mood
気分が悪いですkibun ga warui desuI feel unwell
恋をしていますkoi o shite imasuI'm in love
友達と話すのが好きですtomodachi to hanasu no ga suki desuI like talking with friends
寂しいですsabishii desuI feel lonely
安心しましたanshin shimashitaI'm relieved
びっくりしましたbikkuri shimashitaI was surprised
楽しかったですtanoshikatta desuIt was fun
退屈ですtaikutsu desuI'm bored
恥ずかしいですhazukashii desuI'm embarrassed
尊敬していますsonkei shite imasuI respect you
感謝していますkansha shite imasuI'm grateful
本当にありがとうhontō ni arigatōThank you so much
いつでも遊びに来てくださいitsudemo asobi ni kite kudasaiCome visit anytime
また連絡しますmata renraku shimasuI'll contact you again
手紙をくださいtegami o kudasaiPlease write to me
お大事にodaiji niTake care (to someone ill)
気をつけてねki o tsukete neStay safe
無理しないでくださいmuri shinaide kudasaiDon't overdo it
元気を出してくださいgenki o dashite kudasaiCheer up
大丈夫だよdaijōbu da yoIt'll be okay
一緒に写真を撮りましょうissho ni shashin o torimashōLet's take a photo together
来てくれてありがとうkite kurete arigatōThanks for coming
また今度会いましょうmata kondo aimashōLet's meet again sometime
忘れませんwasuremasenI won't forget
約束しますyakusoku shimasuI promise
信じていますshinjite imasuI believe in you
応援していますōen shite imasuI'm cheering for you
いつもありがとうitsumo arigatōThanks for everything
大好きですdaisuki desuI love it / I love you

🗂 Flashcards — drill the high-value sets

📝 Quizzes — check yourself

Quiz 1 · Kanji meaning

Quiz 2 · Particles

Quiz 3 · Travel survival

Quiz 4 · Verb forms

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